| penal |
/ˈpiːnəl/ |
adj. |
刑罚的 |
Penal means relating to the punishment of criminals / penal code (刑法) / the penal system |
| illicit |
/ɪˈlɪsɪt/ |
adj. |
非法的 |
illicit drugs / illicit trade |
| unruly |
/ʌnˈruːli/ |
adj. |
难管教的 |
difficult to control or manage / an unruly class / unruly behaviour / When you start meditating, you will notice how unruly the mind is |
| illegitimate |
/ˌɪlɪˈdʒɪtɪmət/ |
adj. |
非法的/私生的 |
illegitimate business / illegitimate child |
| default |
/dɪˈfɔːlt/ |
n./v. |
违约 |
to default on a loan / The corporation may be charged with default on its contract with the government. |
| violation |
/ˌvaɪəˈleɪʃən/ |
n. |
违反，侵犯 |
violation of the law / violation of rights |
| infringe |
/ɪnˈfrɪndʒ/ |
v. |
侵犯，违反 |
infringe a patent / infringe upon one’s rights |
| bound |
/baʊnd/ |
adj./v. |
肯定会/约束 |
bound to happen / bound by law |
| compulsory |
/kəmˈpʌlsəri/ |
adj. |
强制性的/义务的 |
English is a compulsory subject at this level / compulsory education/schooling |
| oblige |
/əˈblaɪdʒ/ |
v. |
强制/迫使 |
The storm got worse and worse. Finally, I was obliged to abandon the car and continue on foot. |
| obligatory |
/əˈblɪɡətɔːri/ |
adj. |
(按法律)必须的 |
It is obligatory for all employees to wear protective clothing / As part of the course requirements, students must fulfill the obligatory reading list / Following the regulations, providing proper safety gear is obligatory in this construction site |
| domineering |
/dəˈmiːnɪərɪŋ/ |
adj. |
专横的/刚愎自用的 |
trying to control other people without considering their opinions or feelings / Mick was stubborn and domineering with a very bad temper / She had to deal with a domineering mother-in-law who always interfered in her married life |
| mandatory |
/ˈmændətɔːri/ |
adj. |
强制的/法定的 |
the mandatory life sentence for murder / the mandatory retirement age of 65 |
| licensed |
/ˈlaɪsənst/ |
adj. |
持证的 |
licensed driver / a licensed restaurant |
| heirship |
/ˈerʃɪp/ |
n. |
继承权 |
heirship disputes / Male or female can both have the heirship to the throne |
| jurisdiction |
/ˌdʒʊrɪsˈdɪkʃən/ |
n. |
司法权，管辖权 |
The British police have no jurisdiction over foreign bank accounts / The court determined that it had no jurisdiction over the dispute as the incident took place outside its territorial boundaries |
| arbitration |
/ˌɑːrbɪˈtreɪʃən/ |
n. |
仲裁 |
The judge said that arbitration was a fair and expeditious decision-making process / The contract between the two companies includes a clause mandating arbitration in case of any disputes |
| fine |
/faɪn/ |
n./v. |
罚款 |
to pay a fine / fine for speeding |
| confiscate |
/ˈkɒnfɪskeɪt/ |
v. |
没收，充公 |
The teacher threatened to confiscate their phones if they kept using them in class |
| convict |
/kənˈvɪkt/ |
n./v. |
判罪 |
In 1977 he was convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment |
| verdict |
/ˈvɜːrdɪkt/ |
n. |
判决，裁定 |
The jury returned a unanimous guilty verdict / Has the jury reached a verdict |
| indemnity |
/ɪnˈdɛmnɪti/ |
n. |
赔偿，保障 |
If something provides indemnity, it provides insurance or protection against damage or loss / the software license agreement contained an indemnity clause protecting the developer from patent infringement claims |
| imprisonment |
/ɪmˈprɪzənmənt/ |
n. |
监禁 |
She was sentenced to seven years’ imprisonment / life imprisonment |
| invalidate |
/ɪnˈvælɪdeɪt/ |
v. |
使无效，废除 |
If something invalidates something such as a law, contract, or election, it causes it to be considered illegal |
| captivity |
/kæpˈtɪvɪti/ |
n. |
囚禁，拘留 |
Once more he felt the sense of captivity heavy upon him |
| trial |
/ˈtraɪəl/ |
n. |
试验/审判 |
clinical trial / trial for murder |
| detain |
/dɪˈteɪn/ |
v. |
拘留，扣押 |
detain a suspect |
| extenuate |
/ɪkˈstenjueɪt/ |
v. |
减轻 |
Nothing can extenuate his crime / The defendant’s lawyer tried to extenuate the client’s actions by highlighting their difficult upbringing and history of abuse |
| bar |
/bɑːr/ |
n./v. |
阻挡/拦住 |
Two police officers were barring her exit / We found our way barred by rocks |
| empower |
/ɪmˈpaʊər/ |
v. |
使有能力 |
You must delegate effectively and empower people to carry out their roles with your fullsupport |
| plea |
/pliː/ |
n. |
（向法庭提供的）理由 |
He was charged with murder, but got off on a plea of insanity |
| oath |
/əʊθ/ |
n. |
宣誓，誓言 |
take an oath / oath of office |
| pledge |
/plɛdʒ/ |
n./v. |
誓言 |
In the treaty both sides pledge to respect human rights |
| plaintiff |
/ˈpleɪntɪf/ |
n. |
原告 |
A plaintiff is a person who brings a legal case against someone in a court of law / Plaintiff is an antonym of defendant |
| plead |
/pliːd/ |
v. |
辩护，恳求 |
I was forced to plead for my child’s life / to plead guilty/not guilty |
| flee |
/fliː/ |
v. |
逃走 |
flee the country / flee from danger |
| defend |
/dɪˈfɛnd/ |
v. |
为…辩护 |
He has hired a lawyer to defend him against the allegation |
| proscribe |
/prəʊˈskraɪb/ |
v. |
宣布禁止 |
If something is proscribed by people in authority, the existence or the use of that thing is forbidden / They are proscribed by federal law from owning guns |
| abstain |
/əbˈsteɪn/ |
v. |
弃权 |
Three countries abstained in the vote |
| veto |
/ˈviːtoʊ/ |
n./v. |
否决权/否决 |
veto a bill / veto power (否决权) |
| stipulate |
/ˈstɪpjuleɪt/ |
v. |
规定/ 明确要求 |
PayPal policies stipulate that sellers must prove buyers received an item |
| testify |
/ˈtɛstɪfaɪ/ |
v. |
(在法庭上) 作证 |
He was summoned to testify before a grand jury |
| testimony |
/ˈtɛstɪmoʊni/ |
n. |
证词 |
His testimony was an important element of the prosecution’s case. |
| justify |
/ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ/ |
v. |
证明…是正当的 |
No argument can justify a war |
| substantiate |
/səbˈstænʃieɪt/ |
v. |
证实 |
There is little scientific evidence to substantiate the claims |
| affirm |
/əˈfɜːrm/ |
v. |
断言/证实 |
If an event affirms something, it shows that it is true or exists / Everything I had accomplished seemed to affirm that opinion |
| allege |
/əˈledʒ/ |
v. |
（未提出证据）断言 |
If you allege that something bad is true, you say it but do not prove it |
| assure |
/əˈʃʊr/ |
v. |
保证，确保 |
She’s perfectly safe, I can assure you |
| observe |
/əbˈzɜːrv/ |
v. |
遵守/观察 |
observe a law (遵守法律) |
| abide |
/əˈbaɪd/ |
v. |
遵守 |
abide by the rules |
| accuse |
/əˈkjuːz/ |
v. |
指责，指控 |
accuse someone of theft |
| impeach |
/ɪmˈpiːtʃ/ |
v. |
弹劾，控告 |
impeach a president |
| indictment |
/ɪnˈdaɪtmənt/ |
n. |
控告，起诉 |
An indictment is a formal accusation that someone has committed a crime / The news of the indictment shocked the community, as the accused was a prominent public figure |
| incriminate |
/ɪnˈkrɪmɪneɪt/ |
v. |
使负罪，连累 |
They were afraid of answering the questions and incriminating themselves |
| prosecute |
/ˈprɑːsɪkjuːt/ |
v. |
起诉 |
The attorney who will prosecute the case says he cannot reveal how much money is involved |
| denounce |
/dɪˈnaʊns/ |
v. |
谴责，痛斥 |
denounce violence / denounce a policy |
| lawsuit |
/ˈlɔːsuːt/ |
n. |
诉讼 |
file a lawsuit / win a lawsuit |
| coequal |
/koˈikwəl/ |
adj. |
同等的 |
he elevated Brazil to the legal status of a kingdom coequal with Portugal |
| decree |
/dɪˈkriː/ |
n. |
法令 |
The decree imposed strict censorship of the media |
