CS50 Problem Set5

CS50 Problem Set5 Page：https://cs50.harvard.edu/x/2023/psets/5/

CS50 Study Group：677535709（QQ Group）

What to Do 🚀

Be sure you have completed Lab 5 before beginning this problem set.

1. Log into code.cs50.io using your GitHub account
2. Run update50 in your codespace’s terminal window to ensure your codespace is up-to-date and, when prompted, click Rebuild now
3. Submit Speller

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Problem Set 📚

https://cs50.harvard.edu/x/2023/psets/5/speller/

For this problem, you’ll implement a program that spell-checks a file, a la the below, using a hash table.

$ ./speller texts/lalaland.txt
MISSPELLED WORDS

[...]
AHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHT
[...]
Shangri
[...]
fianc
[...]
Sebastian's
[...]

WORDS MISSPELLED:
WORDS IN DICTIONARY:
WORDS IN TEXT:
TIME IN load:
TIME IN check:
TIME IN size:
TIME IN unload:
TIME IN TOTAL:

Getting Started

Log into code.cs50.io, click on your terminal window, and execute cd by itself. You should find that your terminal window’s prompt resembles the below:

$

Next execute

wget https://cdn.cs50.net/2022/fall/psets/5/speller.zip

in order to download a ZIP called speller.zip into your codespace.

Then execute

unzip speller.zip

to create a folder called speller. You no longer need the ZIP file, so you can execute

rm speller.zip

and respond with “y” followed by Enter at the prompt to remove the ZIP file you downloaded.

Now type

cd speller

followed by Enter to move yourself into (i.e., open) that directory. Your prompt should now resemble the below.

speller/ $

Execute ls by itself, and you should see a few files and folders:

dictionaries/  dictionary.c  dictionary.h  keys/  Makefile  speller.c  speller50  texts/

If you run into any trouble, follow these same steps again and see if you can determine where you went wrong!

Distribution

Understanding

Theoretically, on input of size n, an algorithm with a running time of n is “asymptotically equivalent,” in terms of O, to an algorithm with a running time of 2n. Indeed, when describing the running time of an algorithm, we typically focus on the dominant (i.e., most impactful) term (i.e., n in this case, since n could be much larger than 2). In the real world, though, the fact of the matter is that 2n feels twice as slow as n.

The challenge ahead of you is to implement the fastest spell checker you can! By “fastest,” though, we’re talking actual “wall-clock,” not asymptotic, time.

In speller.c, we’ve put together a program that’s designed to spell-check a file after loading a dictionary of words from disk into memory. That dictionary, meanwhile, is implemented in a file called dictionary.c. (It could just be implemented in speller.c, but as programs get more complex, it’s often convenient to break them into multiple files.) The prototypes for the functions therein, meanwhile, are defined not in dictionary.c itself but in dictionary.h instead. That way, both speller.c and dictionary.c can #include the file. Unfortunately, we didn’t quite get around to implementing the loading part. Or the checking part. Both (and a bit more) we leave to you! But first, a tour.

dictionary.h

Open up dictionary.h, and you’ll see some new syntax, including a few lines that mention DICTIONARY_H. No need to worry about those, but, if curious, those lines just ensure that, even though dictionary.c and speller.c (which you’ll see in a moment) #include this file, clang will only compile it once.

Next notice how we #include a file called stdbool.h. That’s the file in which bool itself is defined. You’ve not needed it before, since the CS50 Library used to #include that for you.

Also notice our use of #define, a “preprocessor directive” that defines a “constant” called LENGTH that has a value of 45. It’s a constant in the sense that you can’t (accidentally) change it in your own code. In fact, clang will replace any mentions of LENGTH in your own code with, literally, 45. In other words, it’s not a variable, just a find-and-replace trick.

Finally, notice the prototypes for five functions: check, hash, load, size, and unload. Notice how three of those take a pointer as an argument, per the *:

bool check(const char *word);
unsigned int hash(const char *word);
bool load(const char *dictionary);

Recall that char * is what we used to call string. So those three prototypes are essentially just:

bool check(const string word);
unsigned int hash(const string word);
bool load(const string dictionary);

And const, meanwhile, just says that those strings, when passed in as arguments, must remain constant; you won’t be able to change them, accidentally or otherwise!

dictionary.c

Now open up dictionary.c. Notice how, atop the file, we’ve defined a struct called node that represents a node in a hash table. And we’ve declared a global pointer array, table, which will (soon) represent the hash table you will use to keep track of words in the dictionary. The array contains N node pointers, and we’ve set N equal to 26 for now, to match with the default hash function as described below. You will likely want to increase this depending on your own implementation of hash.

Next, notice that we’ve implemented load, check, size, and unload, but only barely, just enough for the code to compile. Notice too that we’ve implemented hash with a sample algorithm based on the first letter of the word. Your job, ultimately, is to re-implement those functions as cleverly as possible so that this spell checker works as advertised. And fast!

speller.c

Okay, next open up speller.c and spend some time looking over the code and comments therein. You won’t need to change anything in this file, and you don’t need to understand its entirety, but do try to get a sense of its functionality nonetheless. Notice how, by way of a function called getrusage, we’ll be “benchmarking” (i.e., timing the execution of) your implementations of check, load, size, and unload. Also notice how we go about passing check, word by word, the contents of some file to be spell-checked. Ultimately, we report each misspelling in that file along with a bunch of statistics.

Notice, incidentally, that we have defined the usage of speller to be

Usage: speller [dictionary] text

where dictionary is assumed to be a file containing a list of lowercase words, one per line, and text is a file to be spell-checked. As the brackets suggest, provision of dictionary is optional; if this argument is omitted, speller will use dictionaries/large by default. In other words, running

./speller text

will be equivalent to running

./speller dictionaries/large text

where text is the file you wish to spell-check. Suffice it to say, the former is easier to type! (Of course, speller will not be able to load any dictionaries until you implement load in dictionary.c! Until then, you’ll see Could not load.)

Within the default dictionary, mind you, are 143,091 words, all of which must be loaded into memory! In fact, take a peek at that file to get a sense of its structure and size. Notice that every word in that file appears in lowercase (even, for simplicity, proper nouns and acronyms). From top to bottom, the file is sorted lexicographically, with only one word per line (each of which ends with \n). No word is longer than 45 characters, and no word appears more than once. During development, you may find it helpful to provide speller with a dictionary of your own that contains far fewer words, lest you struggle to debug an otherwise enormous structure in memory. In dictionaries/small is one such dictionary. To use it, execute

./speller dictionaries/small text

where text is the file you wish to spell-check. Don’t move on until you’re sure you understand how speller itself works!

Odds are, you didn’t spend enough time looking over speller.c. Go back one square and walk yourself through it again!

texts/

So that you can test your implementation of speller, we’ve also provided you with a whole bunch of texts, among them the script from La La Land, the text of the Affordable Care Act, three million bytes from Tolstoy, some excerpts from The Federalist Papers and Shakespeare, and more. So that you know what to expect, open and skim each of those files, all of which are in a directory called texts within your pset5 directory.

Now, as you should know from having read over speller.c carefully, the output of speller, if executed with, say,

./speller texts/lalaland.txt

will eventually resemble the below.

Below’s some of the output you’ll see. For information’s sake, we’ve excerpted some examples of “misspellings.” And lest we spoil the fun, we’ve omitted our own statistics for now.

MISSPELLED WORDS

[...]
AHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHT
[...]
Shangri
[...]
fianc
[...]
Sebastian's
[...]

WORDS MISSPELLED:
WORDS IN DICTIONARY:
WORDS IN TEXT:
TIME IN load:
TIME IN check:
TIME IN size:
TIME IN unload:
TIME IN TOTAL:

TIME IN load represents the number of seconds that speller spends executing your implementation of load. TIME IN check represents the number of seconds that speller spends, in total, executing your implementation of check. TIME IN size represents the number of seconds that speller spends executing your implementation of size. TIME IN unload represents the number of seconds that speller spends executing your implementation of unload. TIME IN TOTAL is the sum of those four measurements.

Note that these times may vary somewhat across executions of speller, depending on what else your codespace is doing, even if you don’t change your code.

Incidentally, to be clear, by “misspelled” we simply mean that some word is not in the dictionary provided.

Makefile

And, lastly, recall that make automates compilation of your code so that you don’t have to execute clang manually along with a whole bunch of switches. However, as your programs grow in size, make won’t be able to infer from context anymore how to compile your code; you’ll need to start telling make how to compile your program, particularly when they involve multiple source (i.e., .c) files, as in the case of this problem. And so we’ll utilize a Makefile, a configuration file that tells make exactly what to do. Open up Makefile, and you should see four lines:

1. The first line tells make to execute the subsequent lines whenever you yourself execute make speller (or just make).
2. The second line tells make how to compile speller.c into machine code (i.e., speller.o).
3. The third line tells make how to compile dictionary.c into machine code (i.e., dictionary.o).
4. The fourth line tells make to link speller.o and dictionary.o in a file called speller.

Be sure to compile speller by executing make speller (or just make). Executing make dictionary won’t work!

Specification

Alright, the challenge now before you is to implement, in order, load, hash, size, check, and unload as efficiently as possible using a hash table in such a way that TIME IN load, TIME IN check, TIME IN size, and TIME IN unload are all minimized. To be sure, it’s not obvious what it even means to be minimized, inasmuch as these benchmarks will certainly vary as you feed speller different values for dictionary and for text. But therein lies the challenge, if not the fun, of this problem. This problem is your chance to design. Although we invite you to minimize space, your ultimate enemy is time. But before you dive in, some specifications from us.

• You may not alter speller.c or Makefile.
• You may alter dictionary.c (and, in fact, must in order to complete the implementations of load, hash, size, check, and unload), but you may not alter the declarations (i.e., prototypes) of load, hash, size, check, or unload. You may, though, add new functions and (local or global) variables to dictionary.c.
• You may change the value of N in dictionary.c, so that your hash table can have more buckets.
• You may alter dictionary.h, but you may not alter the declarations of load, hash, size, check, or unload.
• Your implementation of check must be case-insensitive. In other words, if foo is in dictionary, then check should return true given any capitalization thereof; none of foo, foO, fOo, fOO, fOO, Foo, FoO, FOo, and FOO should be considered misspelled.
• Capitalization aside, your implementation of check should only return true for words actually in dictionary. Beware hard-coding common words (e.g., the), lest we pass your implementation a dictionary without those same words. Moreover, the only possessives allowed are those actually in dictionary. In other words, even if foo is in dictionary, check should return false given foo's if foo's is not also in dictionary.
• You may assume that any dictionary passed to your program will be structured exactly like ours, alphabetically sorted from top to bottom with one word per line, each of which ends with \n. You may also assume that dictionary will contain at least one word, that no word will be longer than LENGTH (a constant defined in dictionary.h) characters, that no word will appear more than once, that each word will contain only lowercase alphabetical characters and possibly apostrophes, and that no word will start with an apostrophe.
• You may assume that check will only be passed words that contain (uppercase or lowercase) alphabetical characters and possibly apostrophes.
• Your spell checker may only take text and, optionally, dictionary as input. Although you might be inclined (particularly if among those more comfortable) to “pre-process” our default dictionary in order to derive an “ideal hash function” for it, you may not save the output of any such pre-processing to disk in order to load it back into memory on subsequent runs of your spell checker in order to gain an advantage.
• Your spell checker must not leak any memory. Be sure to check for leaks with valgrind.
• The hash function you write should ultimately be your own, not one you search for online. There are many ways to implement a hash function beyond using the first character (or characters) of a word. Consider a hash function that uses a sum of ASCII values or the length of a word. A good hash function tends to reduce “collisions” and has a fairly even distribution across hash table “buckets”.

Alright, ready to go?

• Implement load.
• Implement hash.
• Implement size.
• Implement check.
• Implement unload.

Walkthroughs

https://youtu.be/_z57x5PGF4w

Note that there are 6 videos in the below playlist.

Though Speller’s walkthrough indicates it is reasonable to use a hash function found online, this video is from an older version of the problem where we allowed this. Per the specification above, the hash function you write should ultimately be your own; you may not use a hash function you find online. Be sure to cite any external sources you referenced in writing your hash function.

Hints

To compare two strings case-insensitively, you may find strcasecmp (declared in strings.h) useful! You’ll likely also want to ensure that your hash function is case-insensitive, such that foo and FOO have the same hash value.

Ultimately, be sure to free in unload any memory that you allocated in load! Recall that valgrind is your newest best friend. Know that valgrind watches for leaks while your program is actually running, so be sure to provide command-line arguments if you want valgrind to analyze speller while you use a particular dictionary and/or text, as in the below. Best to use a small text, though, else valgrind could take quite a while to run.

valgrind ./speller texts/cat.txt

If you run valgrind without specifying a text for speller, your implementations of load and unload won’t actually get called (and thus analyzed).

If unsure how to interpret the output of valgrind, do just ask help50 for help:

help50 valgrind ./speller texts/cat.txt

Testing

How to check whether your program is outting the right misspelled words? Well, you’re welcome to consult the “answer keys” that are inside of the keys directory that’s inside of your speller directory. For instance, inside of keys/lalaland.txt are all of the words that your program should think are misspelled.

You could therefore run your program on some text in one window, as with the below.

./speller texts/lalaland.txt

And you could then run the staff’s solution on the same text in another window, as with the below.

./speller50 texts/lalaland.txt

And you could then compare the windows visually side by side. That could get tedious quickly, though. So you might instead want to “redirect” your program’s output to a file, as with the below.

./speller texts/lalaland.txt > student.txt
./speller50 texts/lalaland.txt > staff.txt

You can then compare both files side by side in the same window with a program like diff, as with the below.

diff -y student.txt staff.txt

Alternatively, to save time, you could just compare your program’s output (assuming you redirected it to, e.g., student.txt) against one of the answer keys without running the staff’s solution, as with the below.

diff -y student.txt keys/lalaland.txt

If your program’s output matches the staff’s, diff will output two columns that should be identical except for, perhaps, the running times at the bottom. If the columns differ, though, you’ll see a > or | where they differ. For instance, if you see

MISSPELLED WORDS                                                MISSPELLED WORDS

TECHNO                                                          TECHNO
L                                                               L
                                                              > Thelonious
Prius                                                           Prius
                                                              > MIA
L                                                               L

that means your program (whose output is on the left) does not think that Thelonious or MIA is misspelled, even though the staff’s output (on the right) does, as is implied by the absence of, say, Thelonious in the lefthand column and the presence of Thelonious in the righthand column.

check50

To test your code less manually (though still not exhaustively), you may also execute the below.

check50 cs50/problems/2023/x/speller

Note that check50 will also check for memory leaks, so be sure you’ve run valgrind as well.

style50

Execute the below to evaluate the style of your code using style50.

style50 dictionary.c

Staff’s Solution

How to assess just how fast (and correct) your code is? Well, as always, feel free to play with the staff’s solution, as with the below, and compare its numbers against yours.

./speller50 texts/lalaland.txt

How to Submit

In your terminal, execute the below to submit your work.

submit50 cs50/problems/2023/x/speller

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Solution 🧑🏻‍💻

Ricky’s GitHub Repository for CS50 Problem Sets: https://github.com/Ricky2333/CS50-PSet

CS50 Study Group：677535709（QQ Group）